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Understanding JPA Mappings in Spring Boot: One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-One, and Many-to-Many Relationships

Published at

8/13/2024

One-to-One Relationship

Unidirectional One-to-One

In a unidirectional one-to-one relationship, one entity references another without the second entity knowing about the first.

Example:

// User.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.OneToOne;

@Data
@Entity
public class User {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String username;

    @OneToOne(cascade = CascadeType.ALL)
    @JoinColumn(name = "fk_profile_id", referencedColumnName = "id")
    private Profile profile;

}

// Profile.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;

@Data
@Entity
public class Profile {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String bio;
}

Bidirectional One-to-One

In a bidirectional one-to-one relationship, both entities reference to each other.

Example:

// User.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.OneToOne;

@Data
@Entity
public class User {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String username;

    @OneToOne(mappedBy = "user", cascade = CascadeType.ALL)
    private Profile profile;

}

// Profile.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.OneToOne;
import javax.persistence.JoinColumn;

@Data
@Entity
public class Profile {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String bio;

    @OneToOne
    @JoinColumn(name = "user_id")
    private User user;
}

One-to-Many Relationship

Unidirectional One-to-Many

In a unidirectional one-to-many relationship, one entity references a collection of another entity.

Example:

// Author.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.OneToMany;
import java.util.List;

@Entity
@Data
public class Author {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String name;

    @OneToMany(cascade = CascadeType.ALL)
    @JoinColumn(name = "fk_book_id", referencedColumnName = "id")
    private List<Book> books;
}

// Book.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;

@Entity
@Data
public class Book {
    @Id
    private Long id;
    private String title;
}

Bidirectional One-to-Many

In a bidirectional one-to-many relationship, both entities are referenced to each other.

Example:

// Author.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.OneToMany;
import javax.persistence.CascadeType;
import javax.persistence.FetchType;
import java.util.List;

@Entity
@Data
public class Author {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String name;

    @OneToMany(mappedBy = "author", cascade = CascadeType.ALL, fetch = FetchType.EAGER)
    private List<Book> books;

}

// Book.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToOne;

@Entity
@Data
public class Book {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String title;

    @ManyToOne(name = "fk_author_id", referencedColumnName = "id")
    private Author author;
}

Many-to-One Relationship

Unidirectional Many-to-One

In a unidirectional many-to-one relationship, multiple entities reference a single entity.

Example:

// Order.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToOne;

@Entity
@Data
public class Order {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String description;

    @ManyToOne
    private Customer customer;

}

// Customer.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;

@Entity
@Data
public class Customer {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String name;

}

Bidirectional Many-to-One

In a bidirectional many-to-one relationship, the referenced entity has a collection of the referring entities.

Example:

// Order.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToOne;

@Entity
@Data
public class Order {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String description;

    @ManyToOne
    private Customer customer;

}

// Customer.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.OneToMany;
import java.util.List;

@Entity
@Data
public class Customer {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String name;

    @OneToMany(mappedBy = "customer")
    private List<Order> orders;

}

Many-to-Many Relationship

Unidirectional Many-to-Many

In a unidirectional many-to-many relationship, each entity has a collection of the other, but the relationship is not explicitly managed by either side.

Example:

// Student.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToMany;
import java.util.Set;

@Entity
@Data
public class Student {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String name;

    @ManyToMany
    private Set<Course> courses;

}

// Course.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToMany;
import java.util.Set;

@Entity
@Data
public class Course {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String title;

    @ManyToMany
    private Set<Student> students;
}

Bidirectional Many-to-Many

In a bidirectional many-to-many relationship, both entities are referencing each other, and the relationship is explicitly managed.

Example:

// Student.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToMany;
import java.util.Set;

@Entity
@Data
public class Student {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String name;

    @ManyToMany(mappedBy = "students")
    private Set<Course> courses;
}

// Course.java
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToMany;
import java.util.Set;

@Entity
@Data
public class Course {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(stratergy = GenerationType.Identity)
    private Long id;
    private String title;

    @ManyToMany
    private Set<Student> students;
}

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