import time
from functools import wraps
from typing import Callable, Type, Tuple

def retry(
    exceptions: Tuple[Type[Exception]] = (Exception,),
    max_attempts: int = 3,
    delay: float = 1
):
    def decorator(func: Callable):
        @wraps(func)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            attempts = 0
            while attempts < max_attempts:
                try:
                    return func(*args, **kwargs)
                except exceptions as e:
                    attempts += 1
                    if attempts == max_attempts:
                        raise e
                    time.sleep(delay)
            return None
        return wrapper
    return decorator

@retry(exceptions=(ConnectionError, TimeoutError), max_attempts=3)
def fetch_data(url: str):
    # Simulación de llamada a API
    return requests.get(url)

import random
from typing import Optional

class ExponentialBackoff:
    def __init__(
        self,
        initial_delay: float = 1.0,
        max_delay: float = 60.0,
        max_attempts: int = 5,
        jitter: bool = True
    ):
        self.initial_delay = initial_delay
        self.max_delay = max_delay
        self.max_attempts = max_attempts
        self.jitter = jitter
        self.attempt = 0

    def next_delay(self) -> Optional[float]:
        if self.attempt >= self.max_attempts:
            return None

        delay = min(
            self.initial_delay * (2 ** self.attempt),
            self.max_delay
        )

        if self.jitter:
            delay *= (0.5 + random.random())

        self.attempt += 1
        return delay

async def retry_operation(operation: Callable, backoff: ExponentialBackoff):
    last_exception = None

    while (delay := backoff.next_delay()) is not None:
        try:
            return await operation()
        except Exception as e:
            last_exception = e
            await asyncio.sleep(delay)

    raise last_exception

from dataclasses import dataclass
from datetime import datetime, timedelta

@dataclass
class CircuitBreakerConfig:
    failure_threshold: int = 5
    reset_timeout: timedelta = timedelta(minutes=1)
    retry_timeout: timedelta = timedelta(seconds=10)

class CircuitBreaker:
    def __init__(self, config: CircuitBreakerConfig):
        self.config = config
        self.failures = 0
        self.last_failure = None
        self.state = "CLOSED"

    def can_retry(self) -> bool:
        if self.state == "CLOSED":
            return True

        if self.state == "OPEN":
            if datetime.now() - self.last_failure > self.config.reset_timeout:
                self.state = "HALF_OPEN"
                return True
            return False

        return True  # HALF_OPEN

    def record_failure(self):
        self.failures += 1
        self.last_failure = datetime.now()

        if self.failures >= self.config.failure_threshold:
            self.state = "OPEN"

    def record_success(self):
        if self.state == "HALF_OPEN":
            self.state = "CLOSED"
        self.failures = 0
        self.last_failure = None

async def retry_with_circuit_breaker(
    operation: Callable,
    circuit_breaker: CircuitBreaker,
    backoff: ExponentialBackoff
):
    while True:
        if not circuit_breaker.can_retry():
            raise Exception("Circuit breaker is open")

        try:
            result = await operation()
            circuit_breaker.record_success()
            return result
        except Exception as e:
            circuit_breaker.record_failure()
            if (delay := backoff.next_delay()) is None:
                raise e
            await asyncio.sleep(delay)

from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException
from tenacity import retry, stop_after_attempt, wait_exponential

app = FastAPI()

@retry(
    stop=stop_after_attempt(3),
    wait=wait_exponential(multiplier=1, min=4, max=10),
    retry=retry_if_exception_type(ConnectionError)
)
async def call_dependent_service(data: dict):
    async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
        response = await client.post(
            "http://dependent-service/api/v1/process",
            json=data,
            timeout=5.0
        )
        return response.json()

@app.post("/process")
async def process_request(data: dict):
    try:
        return await call_dependent_service(data)
    except Exception:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=503,
            detail="Service temporarily unavailable"
        )

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.exc import OperationalError
from contextlib import contextmanager

class DatabaseRetry:
    def __init__(self, url: str, max_attempts: int = 3):
        self.engine = create_engine(url)
        self.max_attempts = max_attempts

    @contextmanager
    def session(self):
        attempt = 0
        while True:
            try:
                with self.engine.connect() as connection:
                    yield connection
                    break
            except OperationalError:
                attempt += 1
                if attempt >= self.max_attempts:
                    raise
                time.sleep(2 ** attempt)