When diving into the world of computer processors the two biggest names are ARM and x86 architecture processors, but these are the more complex architecture of RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) and CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) based architecture. These two architectures represent different philosophies in the design and functionality of CPUs (Central Processing Units). Today we'll will understand how the work on an instruction execution level.

As the name suggests,
RISC uses a reduced set of instructions. Each instruction is simple and executes in a uniform amount of time, making the CPU’s job more predictable. With fewer, simpler instructions, RISC processors can execute instructions faster, often completing each one in a single clock cycle. Since their instructions are simpler, they are typically shorter, requiring less memory. This can lead to better performance in systems with limited memory. The simplicity of RISC instructions makes it easier to implement pipelining, a technique where multiple instructions are processed simultaneously at different stages of execution. This enhances performance and speed. Generally, RISC processors consume less power because they execute simpler instructions with fewer transistors switching per cycle.

CISC has a more complex instruction set, with each instruction capable of performing several low-level operations. This makes programming easier since fewer instructions are needed, but it can lead to slower execution. The instructions may take multiple clock cycles to execute, as they perform more complex operations. However, the overall program may require fewer instructions. CISC instructions are often longer and more complex, potentially requiring more memory. However, since fewer instructions are needed, the overall memory usage can sometimes be comparable to RISC. Pipelining is more challenging in CISC processors due to the variable length and complexity of instructions. However, modern CISC processors have incorporated techniques to overcome this limitation. CISC processors might consume more power, especially during the execution of complex instructions that require multiple operations.

(Pipelining is a technique used in computer architecture to improve the performance and efficiency of a CPU (Central Processing Unit). It works by breaking down the execution of instructions into separate stages, allowing multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously in different stages of the pipeline. This is similar to an assembly line in a factory, where different workers perform specific tasks on different parts of a product at the same time.)

ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) processors are the most well-known example of RISC architecture. ARM processors are widely used in mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, due to their efficiency and low power consumption. They are also increasingly popular in servers and IoT devices. Most recently ARM architecture is used in the M series processors of apple products.

Intel’s x86 architecture is the most famous example of CISC. x86 processors are found in most personal computers and laptops. The complex instruction set allows for a broad range of software compatibility and powerful performance in a wide variety of applications.

Over the years, the lines between RISC and CISC have blurred. Modern CISC processors have adopted RISC-like features, such as instruction pipelining and simplified micro-operations, to improve performance. Similarly, RISC processors have incorporated more complex instructions to enhance functionality while maintaining their core philosophy of efficiency. This convergence means that the choice between RISC and CISC is no longer as clear-cut as it once was. Both architectures have strengths and weaknesses, and the best choice often depends on the specific application and performance requirements.

Whether you’re developing mobile applications, building embedded systems, or working on high-performance computing projects, knowing the strengths and limitations of RISC and CISC can help you make informed decisions about the hardware that best suits your needs. The ongoing evolution of these architectures ensures that they will continue to drive innovation in the computing world for years to come.