In this article, we'll explore Elixir's built-in debugger dbg, a powerful tool introduced in Elixir 1.14 that makes debugging more straightforward and effective. Whether you're working in IEx or debugging your application code, dbg provides valuable insights into your code's behavior.

Note: The examples in this article use Elixir 1.17.3. While dbg was introduced in Elixir 1.14, its behavior and output may vary slightly in different versions.

Table of Contents

• Understanding dbg
• Using dbg in IEx
• Debugging Files with dbg
• Advanced dbg Techniques
• Best Practices
• Conclusion
• Next Steps

Understanding dbg

dbg is a macro that allows you to inspect values and function calls in your code. It's particularly useful because it shows both the code being debugged and its result. Unlike IO.inspect, which only shows the value, dbg provides:

• The exact expression being evaluated
• The file and line number where dbg was called
• The resulting value of the expression

Using dbg in IEx

Let's start with some simple examples in IEx:

iex(1)> dbg(String.upcase("hello"))
[iex:1: (file)]
String.upcase("hello") #=> "HELLO"
"HELLO"

iex(2)> list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
iex(3)> dbg(Enum.map(list, &(&1 * 2)))
[iex:3: (file)]
Enum.map(list, &(&1 * 2)) #=> [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
[2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

Debugging Files with dbg

Let's create a simple module to demonstrate debugging with files:

# calculator.exs
defmodule Calculator do
  def calculate_total(items) do
    items
    |> dbg()
    |> Enum.map(&apply_tax/1)
    |> dbg()
    |> Enum.sum()
    |> dbg()
  end

  defp apply_tax(price) do
    tax = price * 0.1
    dbg(tax)
    price + tax
  end
end

Output:

elixir calculator.exs
[calculator.exs:4: Calculator.calculate_total/1]
value #=> [100, 200, 300]

[calculator.exs:13: Calculator.apply_tax/1]
tax #=> 10.0

[calculator.exs:13: Calculator.apply_tax/1]
tax #=> 20.0

[calculator.exs:13: Calculator.apply_tax/1]
tax #=> 30.0

[calculator.exs:6: Calculator.calculate_total/1]
value #=> [110.0, 220.0, 330.0]

[calculator.exs:8: Calculator.calculate_total/1]
items #=> [100, 200, 300]
|> dbg() #=> [100, 200, 300]
|> Enum.map(&apply_tax/1) #=> [110.0, 220.0, 330.0]
|> dbg() #=> [110.0, 220.0, 330.0]
|> Enum.sum() #=> 660.0

Advanced dbg Techniques

Debugging multiple values

iex(6)> x = 10
10
iex(7)> y = 20
20
iex(8)> dbg(x + y)
[iex:8: (file)]
x + y #=> 30
30
iex(9)> dbg(x * y)
[iex:9: (file)]
x * y #=> 200
200

Debugging in Pipelines

You can use dbg effectively in pipeline operations to see intermediate results:

iex(1)> [1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3]
iex(2)> |> dbg()
[iex:2: (file)]
v(-1) #=> [1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3]
iex(3)> |> Enum.map(&(&1 * 2))
[2, 4, 6]
iex(4)> |> dbg()
[iex:4: (file)]
v(-1) #=> [2, 4, 6]
[2, 4, 6]
iex(5)> |> Enum.sum()
12

Conditional Debugging

You can combine dbg with conditional statements for targeted debugging. Here's a practical example:

# debug_example1.exs
defmodule DebugExample do
  def process_numbers(list) when is_list(list) do
    list
    |> Enum.map(fn value ->
      # Only debug negative numbers
      if value < 0 do
        dbg(value)
      end

      transform_number(value)
    end)
  end

  defp transform_number(value) when value < 0 do
    abs(value) * 2
  end
  defp transform_number(value), do: value
end

# Usage example:
numbers = [1, -2, 3, -4, 5]
DebugExample.process_numbers(numbers)

Output:

elixir debug_example1.exs 
[debug_example1.exs:7: DebugExample.process_numbers/1]
value #=> -2

[debug_example1.exs:7: DebugExample.process_numbers/1]
value #=> -4

Best Practices

1. Strategic Placement

   • Place dbg calls at critical points in your code
   • Use it before and after complex transformations
   • Remove debugging code before committing

2. Clear Context

   • Add meaningful variable names
   • Use dbg in pipeline operations to track transformations
   • Keep debugging code temporary

3. Development Workflow

   • Use dbg during development
   • Combine with other debugging tools like IEx.pry
   • Clean up debugging code after use

4. Version Control

   • Consider adding dbg to your .gitignore patterns
   • Use comments to mark temporary debugging code:

    # TODO: Remove debug statements before commit
    |> dbg()  # DEBUG
   

• Consider using a linter configuration to catch accidental commits of debugging code

Conclusion

dbg is a powerful addition to Elixir's debugging toolkit. It provides a clean and effective way to inspect values and understand code behavior, making it an essential tool for Elixir developers.

Next Steps

In the next article, "Customizing IEx", we'll explore how to enhance your Elixir development experience by:

• Configuring your IEx shell for maximum productivity
• Creating custom IEx helpers and commands
• Setting up personalized IEx configurations with .iex.exs
• Customizing the IEx prompt and colors
• Defining helpful IEx aliases and imports

Stay tuned to learn how to make your Elixir interactive shell work better for your development workflow!